In general, a monetary tax is an amount of money required to be paid by a person or business to a government.
Payroll tax is a tax paid by employers based on employees' wages.
Property tax is a tax on real estate or personal property.
Sales tax is a tax on goods and services.
Income tax is a tax on one's earnings.

In general, income is money earned through work, investments, business, and other sources.
Gross income is income before taxes are deducted.
Net income is income after taxes are deducted.

An expense is basically anything on which money is spent.
A fixed expense is typically the same month-to-month and/or week-to-week.
A variable expense typically changes from month-to-month and/or week-to-week.
A budget is a plan for how money will be spent.
A balanced budget is when income and expenses are equal.

A credit card is a small plastic card issued by a financial institution which can be used to make purchases. The amount charged on the credit card is borrowed by the cardholder from the financial institution. The cardholder is responsible for paying the money back. If the money is not paid back immediately, the cardholder is typically charged interest.
A debit card is a small plastic card issued by a bank to an account holder which can be used for electronic transactions, such as purchases and ATM transactions.
When a payment is made with a debit card, the money comes from the cardholder's bank account.
A cash payment is made with currency. Unlike debit cards and credit cards, cash cannot be replaced if it is lost.
A check is a written form of payment associated with a bank (or other financial institution) account. The money is deducted from the account associated with the check. Checks can overdraw an account if there is not enough money in the account to pay the check amount.